![]() Therefore, we here transfer this species to Drymusa, establishing a new combination and new family assignment. aculicaput belongs to Drymusa and is a close relative of extant species of the genus inhabiting the Greater Antilles. To test this hypothesis, we estimated a total-evidence phylogeny of the superfamily Scytodoidea including extant and fossil taxa, morphological data, traditional molecular markers, and sequences of ultra-conserved elements. This suggests the species is misplaced in Loxosceles. We found several characters inconsistent with Loxosceles but consistent with Drymusa (false violin spiders Scytodoidea: Drymusidae), such as three claws, well-developed podotarsite, and a broad colulus. aculicaput Wunderlich, 2004 using synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography to reveal previously unknown morphological details hidden by fissures in the amber. deformis Wunderlich, 1988 are bona fide members of the genus and report additional characters overlooked in their original descriptions. Here we revise the taxonomy of these fossil species by examining, imaging and re-describing their type specimens. In addition, this genus includes three fossil species from Miocene Dominican amber. Recluse or violin spiders in the genus Loxosceles (Scytodoidea: Sicariidae) are a diverse group (~140 extant species) including medically important species and distributed mainly in the Americas, Africa, and the Mediterranean region. We discuss some of the putative morphological synapomorphies of the main ctenid lineages within the phylogenetic framework offered by the molecular phylogenetic results of the study. We also synonymize the monotypic genus Parabatinga Polotov & Brescovit, 2009 with Centroctenus Mello‐Leitão, 1929. The ancestral reconstruction of the ocular conformation in the retrolateral tibial apophysis clade suggests that the ocular pattern of Ctenidae has evolved convergently seven times and that it has originated from ocular conformations of two rows of four eyes (4–4) and the ocular pattern of lycosids (4–2–2). Except for Acantheinae, in which the type genus Acantheis Thorell, 1891 is placed inside Cteninae, the four recognized subfamilies of Ctenidae are monophyletic in most analyses. However, in some analyses Ctenidae was recovered as polyphyletic as the genus Ancylometes Bertkau, 1880 was placed as sister to Oxyopidae. Ctenidae and its main lineages originated during the Paleocene–Eocene and have diversified in the tropics since then. We estimated divergence times by including fossils as calibration points and biogeographic events, and used the phylogenetic hypothesis obtained to reconstruct the evolution of the eye conformation in the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) clade. The final matrix includes 259 terminals, 103 of which belong to Ctenidae and represent 28 of the current 49 described genera. The molecular phylogeny was inferred using five nuclear (histone H3, 28S, 18S, Actin and ITS‐2) and four mitochondrial (NADH, COI, 12S and 16S) markers. We present a molecular phylogeny of Ctenidae, including for the first time representatives of all of its subfamilies. Traditionally, Ctenidae are diagnosed based on the presence of eight eyes arranged in three rows (a 2–4–2 pattern). ![]() ![]() Tropical wandering spiders (Ctenidae) are a diverse group of cursorial predators with its greatest species richness in the tropics. ![]()
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